For Weight Loss:
Diet: The food you eat is always very important regardless of what kind of fitness routine you're engaging in. There are three ways overweight people need to correct their diet.
- Portion control. This is much less of an issue for overweight people than you might think, but I'm including it here for completeness. Everything is fine as long as you are eating a reasonable amount of it. Make sure you pay attention to the caloric contents of the food you eat. When a bottle of Coca-Cola says "110 Calories" they aren't talking about the whole bottle, they're talking about 250 mL. You'll even find this kind of thing on mini-sized bags of chips and small bottles of Coke. So be extra careful about this. You are not "cutting back" by eating a bag of chips that says "250 Calories" on it.
- The foods you eat. Try to avoid things with a lot of simple sugars in them: fructose, glucose, sucrose. I say 'try to' because it's not that huge of a deal to have a cookie once in a while. What's important to remember is what your body is doing with the foods you eat. Simple sugars can be metabolized much more quickly, so your body gets a sudden burst of energy. Mammals are excellent hoarders of chemical energy, so what you don't use ends up getting stored away in your fat cells. What you want to do is eat something that takes your body a long time to metabolize. The idea is that you'll be using up that energy as it comes in, so there's nothing extra to store. This, at the very least, will stop weight gain.
Complex carbohydrates are the holy grail of weight loss. Gram per gram, they store about the same amount of energy (~4 Calories per gram), but this energy is stored in longer chains called polysaccharides. The body extracts the energy by "breaking" off one piece of the carbohydrate at a time. So eating a 200 gram bowl of white sugar is giving your body instant access to 800 Calories, while eating a 200 gram bowl of cornstarch is like eating 200 Calories an hour for 4 hours.
Fat and protein are alright. Just bear in mind that fat is by far the most dense form of chemical energy available to organisms (9 Calories per gram!). If Coca-Cola is like jet fuel then butter is like Uranium.
You'll want to eat fewer sugary foods and more complex carbohydrates. Fats and proteins are also very good (and necessary), and both of them take a long time to digest too. Eat meats, cheeses, vegetables (especially leafy ones) and grains. Milk and fruits are both healthy foods, but these two also contain simpler sugars so make sure you eat them in moderation. Soft drinks such as Coca-Cola are basically the human version of jet fuel: they have zero nutritional content and are entirely simple sugars (880 Calories per 2L bottle of Coca-Cola). If you want to lose weight you will need to stop drinking sugared pop.
I would also recommend avoiding any heavily-processed foods. Pasta, especially, should be eaten as a side dish. Usually these contain complex carbohydrates, but the issue is the amount they contain. They're very dense foods and it can often be hard to tell how many calories you're getting when you're looking at a half cup of macaroni.
- You don't drink enough water. Everybody needs to drink more water. No, Diet Coke doesn't count. If tap water tastes gross to you, you can buy a cheap household water cooler for about $40 and pick up jugs of water at supermarkets. It's a worthwhile investment.
Regarding diet soft drinks, the jury's still out on them. What we do know is that artificial sweeteners may possibly cause cancer in extreme quantities. They may also make you crave real sugar or more food (the sense of taste is the primary instinctive mechanism we use to gauge caloric intake). Diet Coke still contains salt and phosphoric acid, which may or may not be bad for you. If you have any doubts, avoid it. Most places will always have water or iced tea, but definitely avoid sugared beverages.
Regarding alcoholic beverages: I'm not going to tell you to sacrifice your social life to lose weight. Arguably that would be defeating the purpose, but definitely keep in mind that beer contains a lot of complex carbohydrates in a very concentrated solution, and alcohol is also metabolized by the body (ethanol + alcohol dehydrogenase -> acetaldehyde; acetaldehyde + acetaldehyde dehydrogenase -> acetic acid) at a rate of about 163 Calories per US fluid ounce (pure. assuming my calculations are correct, but it's probably close). Girly drinks have less alcohol but generally a lot more sugar. So maybe your best bet would be designated driving. But it's up to you.
Exercise:
For weight loss you are concerned with how your body stores energy. The two things you need to concern yourself with are
glycogen storage and
fat storage.
Glycogen is stored in two places: a small amount is stored within the body's cells for rapid use, and a larger supply is stored in the liver for the body's general use. Your body holds about 2000 Calories of glycogen at a time.
Now, if you had to burn 2000 Calories to start losing weight it would be pretty tough. Fortunately your body's smart enough to release stored fat into your blood before it releases glycogen. Because brain cells can't metabolize fat, the liver likes to keep glycogen in reserve. Otherwise you'd die.
Also, muscle tissue isn't designed to release the glycogen in your tissue back into the bloodstream. Once the glycogen stored in a muscle is depleted it has to use the resources supplied to it by the blood: either liver glycogen or fats.
What this all means is that low-intensity cardiovascular exercise, such as hiking, slow jogging, speedwalking or biking, is the ticket. However keep in mind that if you exercise a muscle more it will store more energy so you will need to do more strenuous exercises.
The routine I would recommend is doing a 2 or 3 hour hike on uneven terrain every third day. If you don't live near the country, try choosing a walking route that will take you up hills and stairs. Hiking is also a good activity to do with a friend, but I wouldn't recommend you do it with more than 2 people otherwise pacing yourself becomes an issue.
I recommend trying to fit this exercise in
before breakfast, but if you aren't able to do that then you should stick to a small meal of complex carb-rich foods such as unsweetened cereals, granola or oatmeal. Fatty or proteiny foods are okay too, but you need to eat much less of them. I'd recommend staying away from trail mix for this reason.
(Side note: If you lose weight and decide to keep hiking, trail mix and nuts are a godsend. It is a dense food, lightweight, easy to carry and snack on. Fat also releases more waste energy to heat during metabolization meaning it can help you keep warm on a cold day. Keep in mind for the future, but avoid it for now.)
Strength Training / Bodybuilding:
Diet: There isn't really a whole lot to say here. Strength trainers and bodybuilders will use up a ton of energy. Complex carbohydrates are important, keeping yourself well-hydrated is paramount. A common misconception is that you need a large amount of protein: this is
false. Studies have concluded this. Considering the fact that the American diet already contains many times more protein than you actually need to survive, taking protein supplements in addition to a normal diet is nothing short of excess. All of it will end up being metabolized and converted into urea, so you might as well be eating a bag of sugar for the good it will do you.
Save your money and stick to eating lots and drinking lots of water.
Exercise: I'm always reluctant to post any information on the internet about this, because weight training is something that varies wildly from person to person and it gets to be a kind of macho thing where people insist that the way they do it is
the only way to do it.
If you are aiming for bulk, what you want to do is constantly increase the amount of weight you're lifting. If you can do too many reps it means you aren't using enough weight. As you get stronger your muscles will recover faster, meaning you should also be able to do an increasing number of sets.
Cardiovascular Exercise:
I'm sorta :downs: about this so I'll stick to what I know.
Diet: When you're doing a large amount of cardiovascular exercise your body starts to increase your red blood count so your blood can carry enough oxygen. Hopefully your existing dietary iron is sufficient, but you should be eating extra protein. Lots and lots of protein. Unlike weight training, extra protein helps here.
In addition to that, once you start to run low on liver glycogen you'll 'hit the wall'. Simple sugars are good while running because they can very rapidly replenish your glycogen stores.
I also can't understate the importance of rehydration.
Sports drinks like Gatorade are specifically formulated for both glycogen replenishment as well as rehydration without altering your electrolyte balance. It is worth mentioning, however, that not all sports drinks are made equally. I'll have to leave objective reviews to people who actually run. I don't.
Exercise: Hahahahaha like I'm going to touch this.