Mars is generally about 6 months for a high-energy conjunction launch and 9 months for a standard opposition launch, IIRC, I may have these two mixed up though. The lowest-energy Hohmann transfer orbits take considerably longer (like, a couple of years or so maybe?) but use much less fuel, whereas there's not really any way with chemical rockets to get it down under 6 months. The ion engines that we have now could cut down the trip by a bit for small payloads. Nuclear pulse or fusion rockets could do it in something absurdly short like a week. Matter/antimatter annihilation propulsion: 3 days (and this is pretty much the best that can be done with known physics). Alcubierre drive: a couple of minutes. "Space-folding" drive: instantly, but now we're just getting silly.
But yeah, beyond Mars the trips do get pretty long. Jupiter is a couple of years; the last probe we sent to Saturn was launched in '97 and got there in '04; the New Horizons probe to Pluto was launched a couple years ago and is supposed to get there in 2015 I think. The Messenger Mercury probe is gonna take some 7 years to get there too; it's closer than Saturn but orbital dynamics means you need a ton of delta V to slow down enough to get that close to the sun, so it takes longer. Also, some of these probes aren't launched on the fastest trajectories such that they can swing by other planets and observe them for a short time as well as sling-shotting to save fuel (when Cassini swung around Jupiter, it's presence along with Galileo was the first time we've had two spacecraft observing Jupiter up close at the same time, which was kind of neat). For Mars probes, there's not really anything between here and there to stop at, so the routes are a lot more direct.
I'm going to stop myself before I start ranting about the JIMO probe being cancelled
