Okay here it is so far. You can either read this version here or view the original Word Document at
http://charmed.slayuk.com/graz/RAILGUN_PROJECT.doc (36kb).
RAILGUN PROJECT[/i]
Railgun n. An experimental weapon that utilises the magnetic forces created by electrical currents to propel a magnetic projectile great distances at often immense velocities. The highest-powered prototypes can fire at some 10km (6 miles) per second.
A Domestic Railgun, Part 1
By using scaled down power sources, a more sensible firing velocity can be achieved so as to domestically develop a railgun. The actual theory and principle behind railguns is simple enough to be able to build one domestically.
At its most basic, a viable railgun consists of two parallel rails able to conduct an electrical current, plus a projectile, either resting on the rails (and hence therefore it must be metal) or wired to them in such a way that it makes contact but can still be fired (e.g. by using loops of wire, see below, and thus non-metal projectiles may also be fired). When the circuit completes, both the rails and the projectile conduct the current.
Here are the rails viewed from the front. In creating a sort of wire cradle, with loops that go round the rails (and lay on them) but can be fired off the end, one can sit non metal projectiles on the cradle and fire them.
The force between two parallel currents is obtained via the equation:
F = ILB
where F is the resultant, or net force of the projectile, I is the current in the ciruit, L is the length of the rails and B is the magnetic force the current produces. This force is perpendicular to the current and magnetic field direction. Larger currents therefore will increase the net force and thus velocity, as will longer rails. Since magnetic field strength increases with current anyway, an increase in field strength is due to an increase in current – hence the velocity is greater.
The Problems with Any Railgun
Any railgun (particularly larger scale examples) suffers problems. If the rails aren’t superconductors they can become very hot very quickly as large currents flow. The heat energy produced is in accordance with the equation:
P=I^2 x R
Where P is the power, I is the current and R is the resistance of the rails. As current increases, so does resistance, but current is squared in this equation, so we can see how even minor increases in current can very quickly have knock on effects that heat the rails up. At high temperatures the projectile can fuse to the rails and render the railgun inoperable. In a slightly less worse scenario, the velocity of the projectile is merely reduced due to the friction generated by the heat.
Moreover, the rail circuits are anti parallel to one another (the current flows in opposite directions) and hence there is a great deal of repulsion between the two rails. When the current is large this repulsion (in accordance with the magnetic force in the equation F=ILB) is large also. After a few uses the rails simply twist out of shape making the railgun useless for any sort of accurate shooting.
There is also ultimately a limit to the length of the rails. Because there is electromagnetism at work, its effect on the projectile gets greater as it moves down the rails, to the point where the initial force propelling the projectile is equal to that of the magnetic force pulling it back. When these two balance, the projectile is going to stop, and hence the rails have a maximum length. As they get longer so will the projectile slow as it continues down them.
A Domestic Railgun, Part 2
However, in a homemade railgun the currents are a little less, so damage to the rails is less, as is the problem of fusing. The basic railgun principle demonstrated above in Part 1 would be the initial weapon created. If this proves successful, this principle could be adapted to fashion a practical weapon:
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[This message has been edited by Gee_4ce (edited August 19, 2004).]
[This message has been edited by Gee_4ce (edited August 19, 2004).]